作业在底部
Learning Objective:
Explain how democratic ideals are reflected in the 独立宣言 and the U.S. Constitution.
基本知识:
The U.S. 政府是基于有限政府的理念, 包括自然权利, 人民主权, republicanism, 社会契约.
Terms You Learn
1. Monarchy
2. Dictatorship
3. Magna Carta
4. Parliament
5. 英国人权法案 (not to be confused with American Bill of Rights)
6. Common Law
7. House of Burgesses
8. Mayflower Compact
9. Precedent
10. Direct Democracy
11. Assembly
12. Mercantilism
13. 美国革命
14. Representation
15. Taxes
16. 第一届大陆会议
17. Intolerable Acts
18. 联邦条例
19. Sovereign
20. Authority
21. Consent
22. 独立宣言
22. John Locke
23. Thomas Jefferson
24. 制宪会议
25. Virginia Plan
26. New Jersey Plan
27. 康涅狄格妥协
28. Shay's Rebellion
作业在这一页的底部
Notes
Chapter One Notes
unit_1_government_notes.pdf | |
File Size: | 128 kb |
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而开国元勋们很聪明, they didn't invent all of the great ideas found in the Constitution. 像任何优秀的发明家一样,他们会回顾过去,并受到成功和失败的想法的影响. For instance, one of their main sources of inspiration for a limited executive branch came from the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta 早在美国存在之前就已经写好了吗, but the ideas in it, 影响了政府有限权力的思想, rights of citizens, 法律上的平等待遇以及陪审团审判的权利. 《买球软件app》来自英国. The British became tired of years of rule under a bad monarchy. A monarchy is rule by a single king or royal family, power is usually passed down through generations. In 1215, King John was bad to the British people whom rebelled and forced the king to sign the Magna Carta, 一项同意上述观点的协议.
开国元勋们借鉴的另一个英国理念是亨利三世统治时期建立的由公民组成的法律制定机构, called Parliament. Parliament was legislature, 或者是由公民组成的立法机构,起初权力有限,但最终变得几乎和国王一样强大. 开国元勋们不仅喜欢公民立法机构(他们称之为国会)的想法, 但他们也喜欢这个想法,认为这将是一种限制权力掌握在一个人或一群人手中的方法. In 1689, after another hateful and mean stint of royal monarchs, Parliament created the 英国人权法案, 它明确规定了英国公民的权利,以及他们在潜在的卑鄙国王面前有什么保护. Things like fair trials and personal freedoms were mentioned in the 英国人权法案, ideas that the founding fathers will include in our Bill of Rights more than 150 years later.
在英国人权法案之前, there really wasn't any written law in England so the courts went by precedent, or based on a ruling in an earlier case that was similar. 如果有人被指控并被判偷马罪, 他们只会参考之前法院的一项涉及偷马的裁决,并复制他们在该案中所做的一切. A system like this based on customs and precedent is called common law.
America
当英国殖民者来到新大陆,在詹姆斯敦建立永久定居点时, they had a rough start because they had very little organization. 最后他们想出了一个点子 assembly, or group of government leaders that create laws and policy, they called this assembly, the House of Burgesses. It was the first law making assembly elected by citizens of the colony (22 members).
Mayflower Compact
在詹姆斯敦以北几百英里的地方, the Mayflower, 一艘从英国来的载着清教徒的船, people that wanted to escape persecution based on religion. 抵达普利茅斯, 清教徒们很熟悉詹姆斯敦的定居者们第一次登陆时遇到的问题,所以他们决定制定一份书面协议来管理他们的事务, 在离开这艘船之前.
船上的每个人都签了名 Mayflower Compact, an agreement and list of laws that were created for the good of the colony. This became our first written plan of government in America. It also set up a direct democracy, which is when the people themselves (in this case only males), 直接就议题投票, laws, and etc. So the first actual written government in the colonies was a democracy from day one. |
As time went on in the colonies America began create its own American culture, 和英国很不一样. From the settlement of Plymouth and Jamestown in the early 1600s until about 1760, 英国政府真的有点不插手或置身其中(它大部分时间都在忙着打欧洲战争), 但是在1760年左右, 它决定最好开始更严格地管理殖民地,这并没有让殖民者很高兴. One of the things it did was enforce the economic system of mercantilism. Mercantilism 殖民地必须与母国(在这里是英国)进行所有贸易,并且只有在国王允许的情况下才能与另一个国家进行贸易. 它还说,殖民地不能对英国进口商品征收关税,但必须对从其他地方进口的商品征收关税,这使得英国制造的商品更便宜.
Colonial Resistance
1763年法印战争结束后, 英国人开始向美国人征税,以支付对抗法国和印第安人的昂贵战争. 他们从印花税法案开始, which put a tax on all paper goods made and shipped in the colonies. 这激怒了殖民者, 不是因为税收本身, but because they had no representation in Parliament to represent them. 结果,殖民地居民抵制英国商品. In 1773, Parliament created the Tea Act which put a tax on all tea EXCEPT tea coming from England, this made English tea cheaper to buy than American made tea. 这激怒了殖民者,他们将价值数百万美元的英国茶叶倾倒在波士顿的港口. Again, 殖民者非常愤怒,因为国王拒绝让美国人在议会中有任何代表.
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After the Tea Act came the Intolerable Acts (also known as the coercive acts), 这几乎剥夺了居住在波士顿和周边地区的公民的所有权利和自由. For instance, 现在,当一个殖民者被逮捕时,他们将被一个由王室官员组成的法庭审判,而不是其他殖民者. They had no right to a trial and the colonial assembly was not allowed to meet. 这些行为激怒了殖民者,他们在1774年与其他殖民地联合起来,派出代表或代表讨论他们未来的关系和可能从英国独立出来的可能性, 这次会议后来被称为 第一届大陆会议. The 第一届大陆会议 sent a list of demands to the king of England, King George III that basically asked for the king to quit being so mean, 作为回应,他向殖民地派遣了更多的军队. 有了这个答复,殖民者开始准备战争.
最重要的文件是由 第一届大陆会议 was the 独立宣言 written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. On July 4, 1776, the American colonies declared its independence and the 美国革命 began. 杰斐逊从《买球软件app》和一位英国哲学家得到了很多灵感, John Locke. 骆家辉说,政府应该为人民服务, 而不是反过来, and that if said government broke it's social contract with the citizens by violating their natural rights, which were life, liberty, 以及对财产的追求(后来改为幸福), The citizens had the right to overthrow the government and start over. 洛克认为 natural rights were rights given by God and could not be taken away by a government. 洛克鼓吹政府只在 consent of the people, that means with the permission of the people. 他说,政府得到他们的 authority 来自人民或公民.
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美国殖民者在1940年与英国人作战 美国革命 from 1776-1783, when it finally ended in British defeat, America now had its own nation. The end of the Revolution meant that the colonists were now a sovereign 国家,或独立于外国统治. Toward the end of the Revolution and just after it was over, the colonies formed the 联邦条例, 这是殖民地(以后称为各州)的松散联盟,也是美利坚合众国的第一个国家政府. 问题是,它并没有真正赋予政府太多的权力去做任何事情. The Articles were written out of a necessity to have a unified government, but progress was slowed because most feared that a central authority such as the Articles might become to powerful and then they would be trading a tyrant that was 2,千里迢迢去找一个就在路边的人. 每个州基本上都是一个独立的小国家,只有当各州之间发生争端时,《买球软件app》才会介入.
《买球软件app》起了作用, 即使它太弱了(在极少数情况下,它甚至不能执行法律,它可以让所有13个殖民地通过一项法律),因为它没有政府的执法部门. 这在……期间变得非常明显 Shaye's Rebellion when leader, Daniel Shaye, 他领导了一场叛乱,因为马萨诸塞州西部的许多殖民者不满州政府对他们的财产和企业征税. 随着沙伊的叛乱蔓延到整个马萨诸塞州, the national government under the 联邦条例, 不允许建立国家军队吗, so no help came to Massachusetts to put the rebellion down. Eventually other states sent militia units to help put down the rebellion. 沙伊的叛乱帮了大忙 the founding fathers realize that there needed to be some power in the national government, 特别是在需要时可以在殖民地执行法律和秩序的行政部门方面.
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制宪会议
In May of 1787, 詹姆斯·麦迪逊和乔治·华盛顿说服殖民地在费城开会,开始建立一个政府,以一个更强大的政府取代《买球软件app》. 麦迪逊和华盛顿告诉其他殖民地,他们开会只是为了修改《买球软件app》, when in fact, they knew all along the intention was to create something new. 在非常秘密的大会期间, delegates from the colonies argued back and forth over a multitude of issues and political ideas.
他们同意创建一个 federal system of government, 权力由不同级别的政府共享,如在州和国家政府之间. They eventually agreed to create a three branch style of government, 一个是行政部门执行法律, 一个要求立法部门制定法律, 以及司法部门解释为确保法律不违反宪法而制定的法律. One of the biggest problems to pop up was how the legislative branch of government, or Congress, would be laid out. 像弗吉尼亚这样的大州, proposed that the number legislatures in Congress should be based on population, 但是较小的州不同意这样做,因为这将使所有的权力都掌握在较大的州手中. 这被称为 Virginia Plan. The smaller states, like New Jersey, 他说,唯一公平的办法是每个州向国会派出相同数量的代表, 这激怒了较大的州,因为他们说,因为他们更大,他们支付更多的税收份额,应该有更多的发言权. 这个计划被称为 New Jersey Plan. 最终,冷静的头脑占了上风,起草了一项新计划,在国会中建立了两个议院:第一议院, 众议院, would send the number of representatives to this house based on population. The second house, The Senate, would send an equal number of representatives from each colony (2). 这个计划,叫做 康涅狄格妥协即“伟大妥协”,创建了2个议院, bicameral 立法部门(两院制=两院), 因此,大州对众议院感到满意,小州对参议院感到满意.
Add - Ons (stuff I forgot to include, but you need to know).
Amend - to fix or change, root word of Amendment, which means a change to the Constitution.
Ratify - means to pass. 制宪会议批准了宪法.
Ratify - means to pass. 制宪会议批准了宪法.
Unit Assignments
Helpful Links
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你需要知道的关于约翰·洛克的一切.
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Use this to read what John Locke wrote that influenced our own American government.
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Website that explains how Shay's Rebellion fits into the larger picture of American government.
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